wood

Measuring and Understanding Wood Volumes Using Rule-of-Thumb Wood Volume Conversions By Steve Nix, About.com Guide "Theoretically, one cubic foot (of wood volume) contains 12 board feet. For average values 6 should be used, though 10 is a conventional figure for approximations. When the conversion applies to trees, ratios of 3 to 8 should be applied (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1935)." - taken from Converting Factors for Southern Pine Products, Williams and Hopkins, USDA, 1968 Measuring wood is part science, part art; you use many different units, you face many potential problems. The above quote illustrates how confusingly insane measuring and converting wood volumes can be. Measuring and estimating wood volume is not for the faint of heart. When marketing your timber you must either know how to measure forest products or get someone to do it for you. At best you can be very confused when talking to a wood buyer; at worst you can lose a significant portion of the value of your wood. To make the situation even more problematic, some buyers use this ignorance of volumes to ruse the seller. They have every opportunity to do so and a few use this to their financial advantage. Knowing tree measuring units is very complicated and even foresters have a hard time when talking volumes. Three hundred dollar per thousand logs using Doyle log rule is not the same as three hundred dollars per thousand logs using Scribner log rule . Most mensurationists and foresters would agree that there is an advantage to weighing wood and weight is the measurement of choice. In the real world, however, it is impractical to totally convert to weight. A history of wrestling with the problem of measuring logs to determine how much usable product might be manufactured from them created numerous measuring units. These units are self perpetuating because of many factors including foreign trade, standing timber volume, accepted taxing units, regional custom, buying and selling advantages. The Pulpwood Measurement The standard measurement unit for wood used for paper and fuel is the cord . This is a stack of wood 4 ft. x 4 ft. x 8 ft. containing approximately 128 cubic feet of bark, wood and air space. Air space can actually be as high as 40 percent but usually averages 25 percent. You can see where weight can be advantageous here. Pulpwood purchases by weight are very common and weight per cord varies widely with species and geography. A hardwood pulpwood cord generally weighs between 5,400 pounds and 6,075 pounds. A pine pulpwood cord weighs between 4,700 pounds and 5,550 pounds. You really need to determine your local average weight by species when measuring cordwood. Purchasing mills or men who harvest pulpwood can give you wood weights for your area. The U.S. Forest Service or your State Forester also has a wealth of information on regional average weights. Pulpwood bought in the form of chips are separate issue and for another discussion. http://forestry.about.com

Climbing The Peak Of Beautiful Mountain

Mount Singgalang with 2877m height above sea level, almost similar to the Mount Merbabu in Central Java, Mount Singgalang in the province of West Sumatra is a massive mountain that culminates. The mountain can be climbed from several places: Pakan Sinayan, Koto Tuo, Balingka and Pandai Sikat. This mountain has a lake on top of an old crater, the lake called Telaga Dewi. Singgalang no longer active and very humid forest because a lot of water content. Like Gede mountain in West Java, every night is always crowded Singgalang week visited by climbers. Also, if starting the climb through the village of Pandai Sikat, we can also enjoy cultural tourism. Pandai Sikat village is 10 km from Bukittinggi with its hand weaving and carving industry. The village has 1000 looms and turns out richly interwoven cloth. Carved wooden ornaments and furniture are also made here. The route the climbers generally to start the climb from the village of Pandai Sikat. From the city of Padang, the village can be reached by bus. However, you also have to be ready to walk from Kota Baru to the TV transmitter on foot. Because sometimes the cage very difficult to find transportation. Next TV transmitter, there is a small cafeteria but only open on a Saturday night only, during which many mountain climbers visit it. From here the ascent begins with fields through the population. After this we will pass until the gate of forests, state trails with varying slope. The more we go into the forests will increasingly feel moist and a little dark, because the trees caused by the meeting. After a long run we will find springs that will dry. The water was so clear and clean, the place is suitable for setting up camp and spent the night, but the peak is still far away. The trees on the mountain are very tight, this causes some places do not get enough sunlight, and soil conditions are very humid. After taking a long uphill path and damp and wet, we will open up areas a lot of interest covered by Edellweiss flowers. From here the road is uphill from here will look Marapi peaks, and then footpath back into a state forest road is quite muddy and watery because it was getting close to the Telaga Dewi (small lake). After passing the rock and woodland walking trails are muddy, eventually will look spectacular views, the Telaga Dewi of the silent lake and the water was a little ripple. This lake is located 2800m above sea level. From here the journey is not so far, the peak path will find the right lake. From here the path will enter the forest and filled with thick mossy trees. After walking 20 minutes we would reach the top. It’s the same conditions as the top peaks of Salak in West Java. That is so filled with trees blocking the view. The only scene we see is biased Bukittinggi city and Ngarai Sianok the famous canyon. Mount Singgalang with 2877m height above sea level, almost similar to the Mount Merbabu in Central Java, Mount Singgalang in the province of West Sumatra is a massive mountain that culminates. The mountain can be climbed from several places: Pakan Sinayan, Koto Tuo, Balingka and Pandai Sikat. This mountain has a lake on top of an old crater, the lake called Telaga Dewi. Singgalang no longer active and very humid forest because a lot of water content. Like Gede mountain in West Java, every night is always crowded Singgalang week visited by climbers. Also, if starting the climb through the village of Pandai Sikat, we can also enjoy cultural tourism. Pandai Sikat village is 10 km from Bukittinggi with its hand weaving and carving industry. The village has 1000 looms and turns out richly interwoven cloth. Carved wooden ornaments and furniture are also made here.The route the climbers generally to start the climb from the village of Pandai Sikat. From the city of Padang, the village can be reached by bus. However, you also have to be ready to walk from Kota Baru to the TV transmitter on foot. Because sometimes the cage very difficult to find transportation. Next TV transmitter, there is a small cafeteria but only open on a Saturday night only, during which many mountain climbers visit it. From here the ascent begins with fields through the population. After this we will pass until the gate of forests, state trails with varying slope. The more we go into the forests will increasingly feel moist and a little dark, because the trees caused by the meeting. After a long run we will find springs that will dry.The water was so clear and clean, the place is suitable for setting up camp and spent the night, but the peak is still far away. The trees on the mountain are very tight, this causes some places do not get enough sunlight, and soil conditions are very humid. After taking a long uphill path and damp and wet, we will open up areas a lot of interest covered by Edellweiss flowers. From here the road is uphill from here will look Marapi peaks, and then footpath back into a state forest road is quite muddy and watery because it was getting close to the Telaga Dewi (small lake). After passing the rock and woodland walking trails are muddy, eventually will look spectacular views, the Telaga Dewi of the silent lake and the water was a little ripple. This lake is located 2800m above sea level. From here the journey is not so far, the peak path will find the right lake. From here the path will enter the forest and filled with thick mossy trees. After walking 20 minutes we would reach the top. It’s the same conditions as the top peaks of Salak in West Java. That is so filled with trees blocking the view. The only scene we see is biased Bukittinggi city and Ngarai Sianok the famous canyon. Other Destinations: * Glance At Beautiful Waterfall And The Highest Mountain In Sumatra * Complement Your Journey In Anai Valley * Lindu Lake Save The Strange Disease * Behind The Beauty Of Lake Tour, Toba Is The Largest In Asia * The Enchantment Of Ranau Lake Tour http://aglolink.org/2010/05/climbing-the-peak-of-beautiful-mountain/