wood

Measuring and Understanding Wood Volumes Using Rule-of-Thumb Wood Volume Conversions By Steve Nix, About.com Guide "Theoretically, one cubic foot (of wood volume) contains 12 board feet. For average values 6 should be used, though 10 is a conventional figure for approximations. When the conversion applies to trees, ratios of 3 to 8 should be applied (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1935)." - taken from Converting Factors for Southern Pine Products, Williams and Hopkins, USDA, 1968 Measuring wood is part science, part art; you use many different units, you face many potential problems. The above quote illustrates how confusingly insane measuring and converting wood volumes can be. Measuring and estimating wood volume is not for the faint of heart. When marketing your timber you must either know how to measure forest products or get someone to do it for you. At best you can be very confused when talking to a wood buyer; at worst you can lose a significant portion of the value of your wood. To make the situation even more problematic, some buyers use this ignorance of volumes to ruse the seller. They have every opportunity to do so and a few use this to their financial advantage. Knowing tree measuring units is very complicated and even foresters have a hard time when talking volumes. Three hundred dollar per thousand logs using Doyle log rule is not the same as three hundred dollars per thousand logs using Scribner log rule . Most mensurationists and foresters would agree that there is an advantage to weighing wood and weight is the measurement of choice. In the real world, however, it is impractical to totally convert to weight. A history of wrestling with the problem of measuring logs to determine how much usable product might be manufactured from them created numerous measuring units. These units are self perpetuating because of many factors including foreign trade, standing timber volume, accepted taxing units, regional custom, buying and selling advantages. The Pulpwood Measurement The standard measurement unit for wood used for paper and fuel is the cord . This is a stack of wood 4 ft. x 4 ft. x 8 ft. containing approximately 128 cubic feet of bark, wood and air space. Air space can actually be as high as 40 percent but usually averages 25 percent. You can see where weight can be advantageous here. Pulpwood purchases by weight are very common and weight per cord varies widely with species and geography. A hardwood pulpwood cord generally weighs between 5,400 pounds and 6,075 pounds. A pine pulpwood cord weighs between 4,700 pounds and 5,550 pounds. You really need to determine your local average weight by species when measuring cordwood. Purchasing mills or men who harvest pulpwood can give you wood weights for your area. The U.S. Forest Service or your State Forester also has a wealth of information on regional average weights. Pulpwood bought in the form of chips are separate issue and for another discussion. http://forestry.about.com

Climbing The Peak Of Beautiful Mountain

Mount Singgalang with 2877m height above sea level, almost similar to the Mount Merbabu in Central Java, Mount Singgalang in the province of West Sumatra is a massive mountain that culminates. The mountain can be climbed from several places: Pakan Sinayan, Koto Tuo, Balingka and Pandai Sikat. This mountain has a lake on top of an old crater, the lake called Telaga Dewi. Singgalang no longer active and very humid forest because a lot of water content. Like Gede mountain in West Java, every night is always crowded Singgalang week visited by climbers. Also, if starting the climb through the village of Pandai Sikat, we can also enjoy cultural tourism. Pandai Sikat village is 10 km from Bukittinggi with its hand weaving and carving industry. The village has 1000 looms and turns out richly interwoven cloth. Carved wooden ornaments and furniture are also made here. The route the climbers generally to start the climb from the village of Pandai Sikat. From the city of Padang, the village can be reached by bus. However, you also have to be ready to walk from Kota Baru to the TV transmitter on foot. Because sometimes the cage very difficult to find transportation. Next TV transmitter, there is a small cafeteria but only open on a Saturday night only, during which many mountain climbers visit it. From here the ascent begins with fields through the population. After this we will pass until the gate of forests, state trails with varying slope. The more we go into the forests will increasingly feel moist and a little dark, because the trees caused by the meeting. After a long run we will find springs that will dry. The water was so clear and clean, the place is suitable for setting up camp and spent the night, but the peak is still far away. The trees on the mountain are very tight, this causes some places do not get enough sunlight, and soil conditions are very humid. After taking a long uphill path and damp and wet, we will open up areas a lot of interest covered by Edellweiss flowers. From here the road is uphill from here will look Marapi peaks, and then footpath back into a state forest road is quite muddy and watery because it was getting close to the Telaga Dewi (small lake). After passing the rock and woodland walking trails are muddy, eventually will look spectacular views, the Telaga Dewi of the silent lake and the water was a little ripple. This lake is located 2800m above sea level. From here the journey is not so far, the peak path will find the right lake. From here the path will enter the forest and filled with thick mossy trees. After walking 20 minutes we would reach the top. It’s the same conditions as the top peaks of Salak in West Java. That is so filled with trees blocking the view. The only scene we see is biased Bukittinggi city and Ngarai Sianok the famous canyon. Mount Singgalang with 2877m height above sea level, almost similar to the Mount Merbabu in Central Java, Mount Singgalang in the province of West Sumatra is a massive mountain that culminates. The mountain can be climbed from several places: Pakan Sinayan, Koto Tuo, Balingka and Pandai Sikat. This mountain has a lake on top of an old crater, the lake called Telaga Dewi. Singgalang no longer active and very humid forest because a lot of water content. Like Gede mountain in West Java, every night is always crowded Singgalang week visited by climbers. Also, if starting the climb through the village of Pandai Sikat, we can also enjoy cultural tourism. Pandai Sikat village is 10 km from Bukittinggi with its hand weaving and carving industry. The village has 1000 looms and turns out richly interwoven cloth. Carved wooden ornaments and furniture are also made here.The route the climbers generally to start the climb from the village of Pandai Sikat. From the city of Padang, the village can be reached by bus. However, you also have to be ready to walk from Kota Baru to the TV transmitter on foot. Because sometimes the cage very difficult to find transportation. Next TV transmitter, there is a small cafeteria but only open on a Saturday night only, during which many mountain climbers visit it. From here the ascent begins with fields through the population. After this we will pass until the gate of forests, state trails with varying slope. The more we go into the forests will increasingly feel moist and a little dark, because the trees caused by the meeting. After a long run we will find springs that will dry.The water was so clear and clean, the place is suitable for setting up camp and spent the night, but the peak is still far away. The trees on the mountain are very tight, this causes some places do not get enough sunlight, and soil conditions are very humid. After taking a long uphill path and damp and wet, we will open up areas a lot of interest covered by Edellweiss flowers. From here the road is uphill from here will look Marapi peaks, and then footpath back into a state forest road is quite muddy and watery because it was getting close to the Telaga Dewi (small lake). After passing the rock and woodland walking trails are muddy, eventually will look spectacular views, the Telaga Dewi of the silent lake and the water was a little ripple. This lake is located 2800m above sea level. From here the journey is not so far, the peak path will find the right lake. From here the path will enter the forest and filled with thick mossy trees. After walking 20 minutes we would reach the top. It’s the same conditions as the top peaks of Salak in West Java. That is so filled with trees blocking the view. The only scene we see is biased Bukittinggi city and Ngarai Sianok the famous canyon. Other Destinations: * Glance At Beautiful Waterfall And The Highest Mountain In Sumatra * Complement Your Journey In Anai Valley * Lindu Lake Save The Strange Disease * Behind The Beauty Of Lake Tour, Toba Is The Largest In Asia * The Enchantment Of Ranau Lake Tour http://aglolink.org/2010/05/climbing-the-peak-of-beautiful-mountain/

Rural connectivity has long been an area of business that the MNOs have engaged wearily due to low population density and low RoI for infrastructure deployment. However, due to an uptake in mobile penetration in developing countries the rural connectivity market has rapidly become an important growth market for the industry. Are the rural markets of China, India and Africa the next phase of mobile development? In most countries, rural communities present a wide and untapped market for many products and services including telecommunications services that were initially targeted at mainly urban populations. Until recently, telecommunications in rural areas in developing countries has been mainly drive by government policy and initiatives, which were both more or less limited to fixed landlines. The rural teledensity (number of main telephone lines for every 100 inhabitants) is still very poor and can only be improved through the introduction of the appropriate modern technology along with the participation of private sector licensees. * India * China * Indonesia * Africa This rural mobile connectivity report reviews and analyses the rural telephony market in India, China, Indonesia and a few African markets, looks at drivers and how to overcome obstacles to mobile telephony in remote, primarily low-income communities. It examines the role of new technologies, and argues for better integration of (and higher investment in) telecommunications in rural development planning. In this brand new report, visiongain looks at telecommunications in the rural areas and isolated communities of developing countries. The report argues that telecommunications is a means to overcome distance barriers to participation in the economy and social sphere. It also links between telecommunications and the development process, addressing the benefits of telecommunications for rural and remote communities, while providing market projections based on intrinsic market dynamics. Many areas around the world, such as Western Europe have become stagnant markets with decreasing opportunities for mobile expansion. With this in mind, Rural Mobile Connectivity has long been recognised by operators and manufacturers as a significant business and development opportunity. How long can you afford not to participate in this emerging field? Companies cannot hesitate making a decision whether or not to carry out business in these countries and regions. Revenue opportunities are only going to increase as more people look to purchase mobile phones, whilst operators are also looking to roll-out 3G services. Network infrastructure is continually being built and upgraded which in turn will lead to increased subscription levels and revenues. This latest report provides valuable information to operators, manufactures, content distributors and equipment providers alike. Reading this report will provide you with answers to the following questions: * What technology considerations apply in the respective markets? * What opportunities exist for foreign companies? * How can companies benefit from the rising economic success triggered by mobile network deployment in underserved areas? * What potential obstacles will operators and manufacturers face? * What strategies should operators use to increase revenue and subscriber base? * With enormous populations rural markets offer potentially great returns - you should be benefiting from them today. http://www.marketresearch.com

Asia: Urban-Rural, Economy Print-Friendly Version Urban-Rural. There is a significant urban-rural migration within southeast Asia, with rural-urban migrants returning to villages as they lose urban jobs. An estimated 75 percent of the two million unemployed workers in Thailand are migrants from rural areas, and one million rural-urban migrants have returned to their villages in a massive urban-rural migration. However, in rural areas, there is little work between rice planting and harvesting. Thailand has removed the most foreign migrants since the financial crisis that began in summer 1997--about 260,825, mostly Burmese. Thailand is also becoming a center for human trafficking, as Burmese and others sneak in, and Thais emigrate to countries such as Japan. Many Southeast Asian governments are discouraging job-seekers from going to large cities. After the Muslim holiday Idul Fitri, when many villagers traditionally go to the city to seek work, the Jakarta government launched Operation Yustista to clear the city of migrants. At bus stations, police checked identity cards of arriving passengers, and those without Jakarta addresses were sent back to the bus. There is even a song about Indonesia's rural migrants entitled, "No One Told You to Come to Jakarta." Chinese Indonesians are complaining that the Indonesian government is not doing enough to protect them. About 30,000 ethnic Chinese left Indonesia in 1998, and many have not returned. Some 1,200 people, mostly ethnic Chinese, were killed during riots in May 1998, and human-rights groups charge that 168 Chinese women were victims of organized rape during the riots. In a poll of business executives conducted by the Far Eastern Economic Review and CNBC Asia, 75 percent of business executives said that Asian countries should offer asylum to Indonesian Chinese. At a seminar sponsored by Thailand and the International Organization for Migration on September 17, Thailand's foreign minister urged the international community and neighboring countries to work towards a regional mechanism to manage migration in the region. The IOM reported that migratory pressures are increasing and, with no avenues for orderly migration, smuggling and trafficking is up. The Philippine Overseas Employment Administration reported that the Asian financial crisis has resulted in fewer employment opportunities abroad for Filipinos. During the first six months of 1998, there was a two percent drop in the number of overseas Filipino workers deployed overseas, from 401,897 in 1997 to 394,568 in 1998. Countries that have ordinarily sought foreign workers have sharply reduced their labor imports. Malaysia hired only 2,731 new Filipinos in the first four months of 1998, a 64 percent drop from 7,637 during the same period in 1997. Filipino employment in Taiwan, Japan and Brunei rose in 1998. About one-third of newly deployed Filipinos go to the Middle East, some 126,937 in 1998. Economy. As Asia enters its second year of economic crisis, review articles re-examined the Asian miracle and Asian values: conflict is avoided for the sake of harmony; politeness is valued over directness; individual rights are held in lower regard than societal responsibility. Some argued that Asians accepted political authoritarianism as the price of communal economic advancement. Most reviews of why some Asian nations grew very fast between 1970 and 1995 cite four reasons: (1) a rapidly growing labor force; (2) high savings and investment; (3) education and training that improved the quality of the labor force; and (4) enlightened authoritarian governments that caused these economic factors to combine to maximize growth. This fourth element is being questioned in 1998 in many countries. The notion that enlightened authoritarian governments can resist the claims of special-interest groups and thus speed up economic growth has been found wanting from Korea to Indonesia. In mid-September, President Clinton announced his support for measures to restart the global economy, arguing that with 25 percent of the world's population living in countries in recession, the US is threatened because overseas trade has accounted for 30 percent of US growth since 1993. http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=1654_0_3_0